As soon as uncommon, beautiful ultrawide laptop screens—a few of them curved—at the moment are the tech-lust magnets in most show makers’ product traces. Designed to offer discriminating workplace customers, content material creators, and players a extra spacious, immersive view, they ship eye-popping visuals or just extra room to work. This further horizontal display house, nonetheless, advantages the skilled, gaming, and productiveness worlds in differing methods. At PCMag, our analysts have been testing shows for many years. We’ve independently reviewed dozens of ultrawides since their inception, subjecting every to a rigorous testing routine. Our present general best choice in ultrawide screens, the HP E45c G5, is a large-screen productiveness show; the extra favorites we spotlight right here embrace the very best ultrawide gaming, home-office, creative-pro, and general-purpose screens which have visited PC Labs. We check all of them for vitals equivalent to display brightness, distinction, colour protection, and enter lag, in addition to usability and worth.
Since 1982, PCMag has examined and rated hundreds of merchandise that will help you make higher shopping for selections. See how we check.
Deeper Dive: Our Prime Examined Picks
Finest Ultrawide Productiveness Monitor General
HP E45c G5 DQHD Curved Monitor
Execs & Cons
Brilliant
Full sRGB colour protection
Two USB-C ports present as much as 100W USB energy supply
USB-A hub
165Hz refresh price
Distinctive software program, together with KVM performance
Intuitive mini joystick controller
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
44.5 inches
Native Decision
5120 by 1440
Facet Ratio
32:9
Display screen Expertise
VA
Rated Display screen Luminance
400 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
3,000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
165 Hz
Adaptive Sync
AMD FreeSync
Video Inputs
USB-C, DisplayPort, HDMI
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
4
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
N/A
Dimensions (HWD)
20.5 by 42.7 by 12.1 inches
Weight
32 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
3 years
Why We Picked It
The HP E45c G5 DQHD Curved Monitor, a 45-inch ultrawide productiveness monitor, renders a vibrant picture with full sRGB colour protection. The E45c is an effective substitute for a dual-QHD-monitor setup because of its digital options that emulate twin shows. The E45c additionally has good ergonomics for an ultrawide monitor. Its vary of connection selections contains Ethernet, twin USB-C ports that present as much as 100 watts of energy supply, 4 USB-A downstream ports, DisplayPort, and HDMI.
Who It’s For
The HP E45c G5 is a superb match for both a conventional workplace setting or a house workplace. Its display is not fairly as vast because the extra widespread 49-inch screens now we have reviewed, however it could be simpler to seek out room for in a house workplace or different place the place house is at a premium.
Study Extra
HP E45c G5 DQHD Curved Monitor Evaluate
Finest Ultrawide Gaming Monitor General
Philips Evnia 34M2C8600 QD OLED Gaming Monitor
Execs & Cons
Wonderful colour gamut outcomes
Distinctive, helpful lighting characteristic
Enticing design
Loads of connectivity choices
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
34 inches
Native Decision
3440 by 1440
Facet Ratio
21:9
Display screen Expertise
OLED
Rated Display screen Luminance
250 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
1,000,000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
175 Hz
Adaptive Sync
AMD FreeSync Premium Professional
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, HDMI
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
4
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
DisplayHDR 400
Dimensions (HWD)
21.8 by 32 by 11.6 inches
Weight
19.4 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
3 years
Why We Picked It
With an interesting cupboard design and a jumbo ultrawide OLED panel, the Philips Evnia 34M2C8600 is a top-notch monitor that may delight players searching for the very best obtainable show. It prices fairly a bit, nevertheless it’s cash properly spent—it beat out a number of comparable shows for our prime suggestion on this class. The Evnia delivers wonderful SDR and HDR picture high quality, with very correct colours and vast color-gamut assist.
Who It is For
The Philips Evnia 34M2C8600 doesn’t come low-cost, however it’s an excellent ultrawide gaming monitor and a good selection for anybody searching for a large-screen curved OLED panel. Its eye-catching design and modestly curved 34-inch display with a stunning colour vary make it straightforward to miss a number of the show’s minor points, equivalent to longer-than-ideal enter lag.
Study Extra
Philips Evnia 34M2C8600 QD OLED Gaming Monitor Evaluate
Finest Worth-Priced Ultrawide Gaming Monitor
Cooler Grasp GM34-CWQ ARGB
Execs & Cons
Enticing design
Nice colour outcomes out of the field
Stable distinction ratio
Reasonably priced value
RGB lights should be plugged in to work
Restricted top adjustment
Delicate OSD joystick
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
34 inches
Native Decision
3440 by 1440
Facet Ratio
21:9
Display screen Expertise
VA
Rated Display screen Luminance
400 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
4000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
144 Hz
Adaptive Sync
AMD FreeSync Premium
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, HDMI
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
4
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
DisplayHDR 400
Dimensions (HWD)
17.1 by 31.7 by 10.8 inches
Weight
21.8 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
3 years
Why We Picked It
Cooler Grasp, a newcomer to the show market, has put the cool into the GM34-CWQ ARGB, a 34-inch curved panel. Sporting a minimalist aesthetic, the show rocks a skinny black bezel atop a hexagonal base, full with customizable ARGB lighting. The GM34-CWQ ARGB is a vertical alignment (VA) ultrawide show with 3,440-by-1,440-pixel decision and a 144Hz refresh price. It gives low enter lag and a fantastic colour vary for a aggressive value.
Who It is For
This 34-inch monitor offers you vivid colours, a vibrant HDR mode, and snappy efficiency at a value that will not put you within the poorhouse. The Cooler Grasp’s 1500R curve offers an immersive ultra-wide gaming expertise, whereas its clear design, fashionable base, and ARGB lighting will earn aesthetes’ approval.
Study Extra
Cooler Grasp GM34-CWQ ARGB Evaluate
Finest Excessive-Finish Ultrawide Gaming Monitor
Samsung Odyssey OLED G9
Execs & Cons
Dazzling OLED show
Distinctive color-gamut protection and colour accuracy
Samsung’s gaming and media hub included
Smooth, skinny design
A whopper of a value
Few I/O ports
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
49 inches
Native Decision
5120 by 1440
Facet Ratio
32:9
Display screen Expertise
OLED
Rated Display screen Luminance
250 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
1,000,000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
240 Hz
Adaptive Sync
AMD FreeSync Premium Professional
Video Inputs
HDMI, DisplayPort, USB-C
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
2
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
DisplayHDR 400
Dimensions (HWD)
20.8 by 47.0 by 9.3 inches
Weight
28.4 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
1 yr
Why We Picked It
The slim, feature-rich Samsung Odyssey OLED G9 is a feast for the eyes and the 32:9 aspect-ratio curved monitor to beat for immersive PC gaming. Its slim, modern body, paired with a stunning OLED panel, signifies that this 49-inch curved monitor is bound to impress even the staunchest of ultrawide naysayers. The OLED G9 has distinctive colour accuracy and color-gamut protection for a gaming monitor, to not point out the magnificent distinction that’ve come to count on from an OLED display. Additionally it is a sensible monitor, which implies it has entry to Samsung’s on-line gaming hub, in addition to different media options you would possibly see on Samsung TVs, together with loads of streaming apps. If cash’s not an object and it’s essential to go large and broad, then the Samsung Odyssey OLED G9 is the monitor to beat.
Who It’s For
The Samsung Odyssey OLED G9’s rarified value places it out of attain of most informal players; it’s geared to super-ultrawide (32:9 facet ratio) aficionados who’re into as immersive a flight-sim or racing expertise as they will get. Add in some OLED frosting, near-perfect color-gamut protection and colour accuracy, and excessive distinction ratio, and the recipe is ideal. Simply be ready to shell out some large bucks for this 49-inch curved behemoth.
Study Extra
Samsung Odyssey OLED G9 Evaluate
Finest Very Massive Ultrawide Monitor for Basic Use
Philips Brilliance 499P9H
Execs & Cons
Immense ultra-wide display with 5K horizontal decision.
Brilliant picture.
Good colour constancy.
Helps HDR.
USB-C energy supply.
Constructed-in KVM change.
On the expensive aspect.
Buttons, as a substitute of joystick, for OSD management.
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
49 inches
Native Decision
5120 by 1440
Facet Ratio
32:9
Display screen Expertise
VA
Rated Display screen Luminance
450 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
3000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
60 Hz
Adaptive Sync
NA
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
3
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
NA
Dimensions (HWD)
22.4 by 47 by 11.9 inches
Weight
33.7 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
1 yr
Why We Picked It
With 49 inches of display actual property, the Philips Brilliance 499P9H is a delight for multitaskers. Its curved ultrawide display with 5K native decision enables you to work with pictures and complex diagrams or view two or three program home windows aspect by aspect. It is vibrant, it helps HDR, and it has good colour protection. Like others in its class, the 499P9H is on the expensive aspect, nevertheless it’s a extremely succesful show that is straightforward to suggest for any workplace searching for a multitasking monster and a great person expertise.
Who It is For
Philips’ Brilliance 499P9H is a invaluable addition to workplaces that may afford and have room for it. Its huge curved display makes it straightforward to work with a number of software home windows directly, and between its excessive decision and spot-on colour protection it handles pictures and movies deftly. Extras like a Home windows Hi there-compatible webcam and a built-in KVM change full the image.
Study Extra
Philips Brilliance 499P9H Evaluate
Finest Very Massive Ultrawide Monitor for Enterprise Productiveness
LG 49WL95C-W
Execs & Cons
Spacious 49-inch display.
USB-C port can cost units, together with laptops.
Good colour accuracy.
Can deal with HDR content material.
Highly effective audio system.
Skimpy one-year guarantee.
On the expensive aspect.
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
49 inches
Native Decision
5120 by 1440
Facet Ratio
32:9
Display screen Expertise
IPS
Rated Display screen Luminance
350 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
1,000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
60 Hz
Adaptive Sync
NA
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, HDMI, USB-C
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
4
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
HDR10
Dimensions (HWD)
14.1 by 22 by 1.6 inches
Weight
33.5 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
1 yr
Why We Picked It
The LG 49WL95C-W’s huge (49-inch diagonal) display space and good decision for its measurement make it supreme for professionals who must hold a number of home windows open directly. Its picture high quality is okay for textual content, pictures, and video. Connectors embrace two HDMI 2.0 ports, 4 downstream USB 3.0 ports, one DisplayPort 1.4 port, and a USB-C port. The final helps DisplayPort Over USB-C in addition to USB Energy Supply, letting you cost laptops or handheld units. If you wish to watch movies or crank up the tunes, you are able to do so with out headphones because of a robust speaker system.
Who It is For
A primarily productivity-centered jumbo monitor with some leisure chops, the LG 49WL95C-W is a multitasker’s dream panel. It is a good funding should you’re working with big spreadsheets, monitoring market feeds, or must keep watch over a working window, your electronic mail, and your social media exercise all on the similar time. This LG does not come low-cost, however offers you a large number—each feature-wise and by way of sheer display—for the cash.
Study Extra
LG 49WL95C-W Evaluate
Finest Ultrawide Productiveness Monitor for Residence-Workplace Use
Dell UltraSharp 38 USB-C Hub Monitor (U3824DW)
Execs & Cons
Expansive 38-inch ultrawide panel
IPS Black offers nice distinction
Large vary of ports
Wealthy, well-saturated photographs
Twin built-in audio system
Peak adjustment is a bit balky
Lacks HDR assist
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
37.5 inches
Native Decision
3840 by 1600
Facet Ratio
21:9
Display screen Expertise
IPS Black
Rated Display screen Luminance
300 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
2000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
60 Hz
Adaptive Sync
NA
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, HDMI (2), USB-C
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
7
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
N/A
Dimensions (HWD)
22.2 by 35.2 by 9.9 inches
Weight
29.3 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
3 years
Why We Picked It
The Dell UltraSharp U3824DW, a 38-inch ultrawide productiveness monitor, is right for a small or residence workplace. Its modestly curved display is extra compact than the extra widespread 45-to-49-inch productiveness panels, but is able to multitasking wizardry. The Dell Show Supervisor app offers you nice leeway in tiling home windows. The U3824DW’s IPS Black panel offers superior distinction, and it simply covers the complete sRGB colour house. Add in a terrific vary of ports, and you’ve got a near-perfect monitor for residence workplaces and small companies.
Who It is For
Dell’s U3824DW is right for residence workplaces, sole proprietorships, and small companies who’ve some house limitations however are nonetheless on the lookout for a top-notch ultrawide productiveness panel.
Study Extra
Dell UltraSharp 38 USB-C Hub Monitor (U3824DW) Evaluate
Finest Ultrawide Monitor for Inventive Execs
Dell UltraSharp 40 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor (U4025QW)
Execs & Cons
Magnificent picture high quality
Excessive distinction, because of IPS Black panel tech
Larger-than-4K decision and pixel density
Two Thunderbolt 4 ports
Hub of six USB downstream ports
Low-impact audio from built-in audio system
Dear
Specs & Configurations
Panel Dimension (Nook-to-Nook)
39.7 inches
Native Decision
5120 by 2160
Facet Ratio
21:9
Display screen Expertise
IPS Black
Rated Display screen Luminance
300 nits
Rated Distinction Ratio
2000:1
Pixel Refresh Price
120 Hz
Adaptive Sync
Sure
Video Inputs
DisplayPort, Thunderbolt 4 (2), HDMI
USB Ports (Excluding Upstream)
6
VESA DisplayHDR Stage
DisplayHDR 600
Dimensions (HWD)
18 by 37.3 by 9.8 inches
Weight
30.4 lbs
Guarantee (Components/Labor)
3 years
Why We Picked It
The Dell UltraSharp 40 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor U4025QW represents a big funding, however for the inventive sorts who would possibly spring for it, will probably be cash properly spent. Between excessive decision and pixel density in a large-screen ultrawide monitor, the excessive distinction afforded by IPS Black, and spectacular picture high quality in our ad-hoc testing, it will get excessive marks for a monitor for videographers and different inventive execs. Add to {that a} hub with two Thunderbolt 4 connectors and at least six downstream USB ports, plus Ethernet, HDMI, and DisplayPort, and it has all connectivity bases coated. It’s an distinctive candidate for professionals searching for a killer large-screen ultrawide show.
Who It’s For
The Dell U4025QW’s excessive ultrawide decision (at 5,120 by 2,160 pixels), wonderful distinction and pixel density, and prime marks in our quantitative and experiential testing peg this monitor as a fantastic alternative for artwork administrators, video editors, photographers, and different inventive professionals. It has one of the crucial thorough assortments of ports of any monitor now we have reviewed, residing as much as the “Hub” a part of its title, and offering all of the connectivity for a laptop computer that you’d count on from a standalone docking station. It is a strong match for the demanding workloads of inventive execs.
Study Extra
Dell UltraSharp 40 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor (U4025QW) Evaluate
Shopping for Information: The Finest Ultrawide Displays for 2024
Prepared to buy an ultrawide show? The primary elementary to grasp is facet ratio—the connection between a display’s horizontal and vertical pixel depend, i.e., monitor width and top.The 2 commonest ultrawide facet ratios are 21:9 and 32:9. The latter is a extra excessive instance, greater than thrice as vast as it’s tall. Displays with a 32:9 facet ratio are generally referred to as “tremendous vast” or “tremendous ultrawide.” We see them, nonetheless, as a subset of the ultrawide class, and we use the time period ultrawide for each 32:9 and 21:9 shows.
(Credit score: Kyle Cobian)
Although the present ultrawide wave is essentially the most radical expression, laptop screens have gotten progressively wider relative to their top over the a long time. Across the flip of the millennium, many screens had a boxier 4:3 facet ratio, which initially got here from movement photos (it is the usual facet ratio of 35mm movie). Round 2005, screens with a barely wider 16:10 facet ratio got here into vogue, however their recognition was short-lived (though 16:10 laptops at the moment are booming). Inside 5 years the desktop normal turned a 16:9 ratio—the size of a high-definition tv (HDTV) picture.
(Credit score: Molly Flores)
The 16:9 ratio stays the most well-liked at present. Acquainted resolutions equivalent to 720p (1,280 by 720 pixels), 1080p (1,920 by 1,080), 1440p/QHD (2,560 by 1,440), and 4K or UHD (3,840 by 2,160) all have a 16:9 facet ratio. The primary 21:9 screens appeared in 2012, and 32:9 shows in 2017.Along with their distinctive facet ratios, ultrawide screens are, as you possibly can guess, bodily vast. Most have diagonal display sizes of 34, 43, or 49 inches. The 49-inch fashions have a tendency to essentially pack within the pixels, with native resolutions of both 5,120 by 1,440 or 3,840 by 1,080 pixels at a 32:9 facet ratio. Most ultrawide screens, particularly the most important ones, have massive, typically V-shaped stands to assist their weight and hold their vast chassis balanced.The Finest Ultrawide Displays for BusinessUltrawide enterprise screens are a boon to multitaskers. Why? For starters, they allow you to open a number of full-size software home windows on the identical display. Just a few producers, Dell amongst them, embrace software program that will help you break up the enormous display into neatly organized home windows. That software program can transcend what Home windows’ built-in tiling, snapping, and auto-resize options can do.These panels are additionally a great substitute for multi-monitor arrays. A 32:9 monitor is twice the width of a 16:9 monitor with the identical vertical pixel depend. A 49-inch ultrawide with 32:9 facet ratio offers you a display measurement equal to 2 27-inch screens put aspect by aspect. (Keep in mind once more that display measurement is measured diagonally, not left to proper.) Usually, ultrawide enterprise shows have an abundance of ports: at the least one HDMI and one DisplayPort enter, each upstream and downstream USB ports, and USB Kind-C ports are typical. With many more moderen ultrawide enterprise screens, the USB-C port can switch knowledge in addition to the video sign (the latter utilizing the DisplayPort over USB protocol), whereas concurrently powering or charging the laptop computer from which it is displaying the picture (if relevant).
(Credit score: Zlata Ivleva)
Just a few screens on this class also can make use of a USB-C port for a digital keyboard/video/mouse (KVM) change. Such a characteristic enables you to management two computer systems related to the monitor by way of a single keyboard and mouse, so long as one laptop is related by way of the USB-C port. Customers doing render work or knowledge processing on a second PC could be interested in this uncommon, space-saving characteristic.
(Credit score: Zlata Ivleva)
Many ultrawide enterprise screens have curved screens, though their diploma of curvature tends to be milder than these of curved gaming shows. Extra on that in a second.Widescreen Artistry: Ultrawide Displays for Content material Creators and GamersIn the professional-content-creator area, graphic artists and photographers can profit from further display width. They’ll open and work with two or extra photographs (or a number of variations of the identical picture or illustration) aspect by aspect. Ultrawides typically let picture or video editors take a look at their supply materials in full decision, whereas permitting sufficient display house alongside it for palettes, toolbars, or timelines to coexist with out requiring resizing or shuffling.
(Credit score: Molly Flores)
Many ultrawide gaming screens can be found as properly. Not each gamer or sport will profit from an ultrawide panel, however they’re significantly suited to racing video games, flight simulators, and different genres that give gamers a panoramic vista or reward players by letting them see areas of their peripheral imaginative and prescient.As talked about, many gaming-focused fashions make use of a curved display to supply for a extra immersive expertise. A standard curvature for gaming screens is 1800R, which signifies that should you had been to position sufficient screens aspect by aspect to type a circle it will have a radius of 1,800mm (1.8 meters). The upper the curvature quantity, the gentler or shallower the curve. Conversely, the decrease the quantity, the extra drastically curved the panel; we have seen screens with curvature as excessive as 800R.
(Credit score: Zlata Ivleva)
Naturally, ultrawide gaming screens have many options widespread to all gaming shows. Modern fashions are likely to have excessive refresh charges (as much as 500Hz or extra) and make use of adaptive sync applied sciences like Nvidia’s G-Sync or AMD’s FreeSync. Odd productiveness panels are likely to refresh at a 60Hz price, the norm for mainstream screens. A better refresh price lets fast-twitch players get pleasure from smoother, extra reactive play when the connected PC and graphics card can push constant body charges in extra of 60 frames per second (fps).Severe esports gamers typically optimize their techniques to run at ultra-high refresh charges to achieve an edge in hyper-competitive titles. (Far more on that in our roundup of the very best gaming screens.) Nonetheless, you may want a graphics card able to pushing frames on the excessive decision that prime ultrawide gaming screens assist. In esports competitors, sticking to a comparatively modest 1080p decision for the sake of a quicker body price is definitely a bonus. Gaming ultrawides additionally current some extra caveats we’ll get into under.
Advisable by Our Editors
Some ultrawide gaming screens flaunt RGB lighting schemes with embedded temper lighting on the again or across the sides, and lots of use the mini-joystick controls now discovered on different gaming (and a few general-purpose) shows as a substitute of buttons to govern onscreen settings. Port-wise, almost all have DisplayPort and HDMI inputs and most have USB-C enter as properly.Ultrawide Displays: Some Caveats to ConsiderSo is greater at all times higher? Probably not. For starters, you may want loads of desk house to accommodate an ultrawide monitor.These screens’ panoramic screens, particularly at display sizes of 43 to 49 inches, could also be just too massive for a typical desk. Take measurements earlier than diving in. You may additionally most likely need to enlist a buddy that will help you transfer the heavy monitor into place. Carrying an ultrawide monitor is a bit like carrying a beam of lumber; should you’re not cautious, the back and front might begin to wag forwards and backwards.Avid gamers have extra potential issues. Relying on the particular sport and your taking part in fashion, ultrawide screens is usually a boon or a hindrance for multiplayer gaming. The panels can ship advantages in lots of MOBAs, battle royale titles, and real-time-strategy (RTS) video games. However hardcore esports rivals may very well need a smaller, extra targeted view of the proceedings with out, say, being distracted by enemies that seem out of the blue on the periphery of the display. Some esports execs strongly want a compact 16:9 monitor to maintain the motion within the main area of view.
(Credit score: Molly Flores)
Additionally keep in mind that the majority new AAA video games will work high-quality on screens with 21:9 and often 32:9 facet ratios, however some older video games might not assist them. Consequently, video games might seem in a smaller window with massive black bars on the sides (like film letterboxing turned sideways), and even worse with the sport picture stretched throughout the entire panel and distorted. It is best to verify the sport writer’s assist pages or related boards when you have any doubts or are married to a selected older sport.Most of all, ultrawide screens are usually expensive, although a part of that’s merely their measurement—when you get above 32 inches, most shows of all types are ultrawides. Fashions within the 34-to-35-inch vary run from round $250 for primary, general-purpose screens (or bare-bones gaming panels) to greater than $2,000 for a totally tricked-out gaming monitor. Most 34- or 35-inch screens, nonetheless, value lower than $1,000, whereas 49-inch fashions run from about $500 to $1,600.Able to Purchase the Proper Ultrawide Monitor for You?Ultrawide screens will not be for everybody, however should you do need a show with an immensely spacious display, whether or not for gaming, creating digital content material, viewing ginormous spreadsheets, or evaluating a number of variations of a photograph or illustration, you may have loads of good selections. We have examined an entire passel of panels; verify them out and click on via for deep-dive opinions of every to be taught extra.
